It’s been long known that many children with autism also have epilepsy or some form of seizure disorder. Not so well understood was the relationship between the two.

But a new study suggests that early life seizures may switch on synapses in the brain that can lead to further development delays in children with autism and other intellectual disorders, including language and learning deficits.

The good news is that aggressively treating those seizures — with medicines that already exist or new treatments being developed — may keep those synapses “silent” and allow the brain to develop more normally.

Advertisement - Continue Reading Below

“We now have evidence that seizures appear to be worsening the developmental disorder, and when you block those seizures, you reverse that,” said senior author Frances Jensen, chair of neurology at the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine.

“It appears seizures may exacerbate features common in autism,” said Jensen, whose research conducted with colleagues from Harvard and Carleton University was published online recently in the journal Cell Reports.

According to 2014 data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, autism has a prevalence rate of one in 59 among 8-year-olds in 11 states surveyed, a 15 percent increase from 2012.

Up to 40 percent of children with autism and intellectual disabilities also have epilepsy, and about 35 percent of children who experience infantile spasms develop long-term intellectual disabilities, including autism, according to the researchers.

The study findings build on what is already known about brain development. During early childhood, the brain goes through so-called critical periods where synapses linked to language skills are activated gradually. But if the synapses are activated or “unsilenced” prematurely through seizures, they are less available for learning during those critical periods, the researchers said.

Working with mice, Jensen and her colleagues found that premature activation of the synapses through induced seizures created a disruption days later during a critical period of development for the mice.

The researchers treated the seizure-induced mice with an anti-epileptic, anti-convulsant drug that reduced the premature “unsilencing” of certain synapses and helped restore them, making them available when the mice entered a critical learning period later.

“Understanding the precise synaptic changes following seizures gives an opportunity to find treatments that can prevent this early ‘unsilencing,'” said Jensen. “The timing is important: We need to stop it right after the seizures and before a critical period of development in a child’s life so the brain can develop without any problems that may lead to future impairments.”

Some seizures are difficult to detect, and can even be manifested by something as mild-appearing as a staring spell. Some children who are diagnosed with epilepsy and are on treatment may still have breakthrough seizures. In both cases, Jensen said, further screening and treatment should be considered. The new research is suggesting that recurrent seizures in early life, especially in patients with autism, should be treated.

The drug used in the study was experimental and is not approved for use in children, Jensen said. However, she is currently developing a treatment that would block the undesirable impact of seizures on synapses without unwanted side effects. Jensen’s laboratory, as well as other researchers, are also studying medical marijuana as a treatment tool for epilepsy.

But Jensen said there are Food and Drug Administration-approved medications available that she said should be used rapidly after a seizure to help keep the unwanted brain changes from happening, or at least reduce them.

In the case of a child already diagnosed with autism, Jensen said treatment could prevent unwanted brain changes that could move that child into a more severe range of the autism spectrum.

“As we are learning more about this cellular, molecular cascade of pathways that change synapses after a seizure,” Jensen said, “we are discovering checkpoints to stop the cascade moving forward.”

© 2018 Philly.com
Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC

Read more stories like this one. Sign up for Disability Scoop's free email newsletter to get the latest developmental disability news sent straight to your inbox.